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Emulsification for castor biomass oil

Dongxiang ZHANG, Yuanping LIN, Anmei LI, V. V. TARASOV

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 96-101 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0553-2

摘要： The effect of the emulsifier formula on the stability of castor oil-water system was studied through compounding three groups of emulsifiers from the aspects of stability factor of absorbance, centrifuge stability, demulsification time in quiescence, appearance of the droplets, and viscosity. The best emulsifier formula for castor biomass oil was the composite formula of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate. Correlation exists between the stability of emulsion and the viscosity/particle size of the droplets, with better stability in the case of greater viscosity or narrower distribution of particle size in the emulsion of castor oil-water system. Methanol added to the castor oil-water system may decrease the viscosity of the emulsion. Comparing the castor oil-water emulsion with methanol-castor oil-water emulsion, the optimal hydrophilic and lipophilic balance (HLB) value based on castor oil-water system was acquired between 6.6 and 7.5, while the optimal HLB value based on the methanol-castor oil-water system was between 5.5 and 6.0. The optimal HLB value of methanol-castor oil-water system gradually moved to that of castor oil-water emulsion with adding more water.

关键词： castor oil biomass oil emulsification stability viscosity corrosivity

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生物质热解油的性质精制与利用

朱锡锋,郑冀鲁,郭庆祥,朱清时

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第9期页码 83-88

摘要：

从元素含量、化学成分、稳定性、粘度、热值等方面详细叙述了热解生物油的性质，介绍了生物油的精制和利用技术，其中对近年来出现的生物油热蒸气直接催化精制、利用表面活性剂改良生物油使其直接用于柴油机等新技术给予了特别关注，对催化剂在生物油精制和利用过程中的影响也作了重点叙述。

关键词：生物质生物油燃料特性精制

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生物质热解液化装置研制与试验研究

朱锡锋,郑冀鲁,陆强,郭庆祥,朱清时

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第10期页码 89-93

摘要：

介绍了一种电热式快速流化床生物质热解液化装置的研制，该装置的技术关键是采用两级螺旋进料和大流量喷雾直接冷凝收集生物油。试验结果表明，该装置完全可以用于各种固体生物质的热解液化，而且无论何种生物质都存在最佳热解温度。木屑、稻壳、玉米秆和棉花秆4种原料在最佳热解条件下的生物油质量产率分别为63%，53%，57%和56%，热值均为17～18MJ/kg。通过试验研究还发现，生物油是一种复杂的含氧有机化合物和水组成的混合物，包含了几乎所有化学类别的有机物；减少原料携带的外在水可有效降低生物油中的水分；储藏时间达半年的生物油仍然可以直接燃烧。

关键词：生物质热解液化生物油

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Hydro-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over alumina supported Platinum, Mo

Songbo He, Jeffrey Boom, Rolf van der Gaast, K. Seshan

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 155-161 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1655-x

摘要： In-line hydro-treatment of bio-oil vapor from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (hydro-pyrolysis of biomass) is studied as a method of upgrading the liquefied bio-oil for a possible precursor to green fuels. The nobel metal (Pt) and non-noble metal catalysts (Mo C and WC) were compared at 500 °C and atmospheric pressure which are same as the reaction conditions for fast pyrolysis of biomass. Results indicated that under the pyrolysis conditions, the major components, such as acids and carbonyls, of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil can be completely and partially hydrogenated to form hydrocarbons, an ideal fossil fuel blend, in the hydro-treated bio-oil. The carbide catalysts perform equally well as the Pt catalyst regarding to the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon formation (ca. 60%), showing the feasibility of using the cheap non-noble catalysts for hydro-pyrolysis of biomass.

关键词： bio-oil pyrolysis hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) non-noble metal catalysts hydro-treatment

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V-W-Mo-Cu催化剂作用下生物质醇解重油加氢精制研究

邹献武,秦特夫,李改云,黄洛华

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第4期页码 69-73

摘要：

生物质醇解产生的重油降低了生物油品质。为此，本文考察了V-W-Mo-Cu 催化剂作用下重油的加氢精制。结果表明，在330 ℃以上该催化剂才表现出加氢反应活性，在450 ℃时轻油产率最高可到93 %。延长加氢反应时间有利于重油低温下的聚合反应和高温下的裂解反应；同时，只有在6 MPa以上的初始氢压下才能饱和裂解片段，从而提高重油加氢所得的轻油产率。轻油的气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GCMS）分析结果表明，催化加氢使重油大分子裂解生成1-甲基-2-乙基苯、丁基苯、1-乙基-3-乙烯基苯和苯酚等小分子的芳烃和酚类物质。然而，加氢后催化剂的红外分析结果表明，重油同时发生了聚合反应，生成含有多种含氧官能团的大分子芳烃或酚类聚合物。经过550 ℃焙烧后，催化剂重复使用5 次，轻油产率仍有70 %。

关键词：生物质醇解重油加氢 V-W-Mo-Cu催化剂图像处理

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Ball milling promoted direct liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass in supercritical ethanol

Chunyan Yang, Xiaoliang Yuan, Xueting Wang, Kejing Wu, Yingying Liu, Changjun Liu, Houfang Lu, Bin Liang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 605-613 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1841-0

摘要： In the present work, ball milling was applied for the pretreatment of lignocellulose to obtain high conversion and bio-oil yield in supercritical ethanol. Ball milling substantially decreased the crystallinity and particle size of lignocellulose, thereby improving its accessibility in ethanol solvent. An increased bio-oil yield of 59.2% was obtained for the ball milled camphorwood sawdust at 300°C, compared with 39.6% for the original lignocellulose. Decreased crystallinity significantly benefited the conversion of the cellulose component from 60.8% to 91.7%, and decreased particle size was beneficial for the conversion of all components. The obtained bio-oil had a high phenolic content, as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methoxylation and retro-aldol condensation were observed during alcoholysis, and the reaction pathways of lignocellulose in supercritical ethanol were attributed to the action of free radicals.

关键词： ball milling lignocellulose supercritical ethanol liquefaction bio-oil

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Recent advances in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass

Changwei HU, Yu YANG, Jia LUO, Pan PAN, Dongmei TONG, Guiying LI

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 188-193 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-1015-6

摘要： Biomass is considered as a renewable and alternative resource for the production of fuels and chemicals, since it is the only carbon and hydrogen containing resource that we can find in the world except for fossil resources, capable of being converted to hydrocarbons. The pyrolytic liquefaction of biomass is a promising way to convert biomass to useful products. This paper briefly surveys the present status of the direct catalytic pyrolysis for the liquefaction of biomass. The direct use of catalysts could decrease the pyrolysis temperature, increase the conversion of biomass and the yield of bio-oil, and change the distribution of the pyrolytic liquid products then improve the quality of the bio-oil obtained. The fact that biomass is in solid state present great challenges for its conversion and for the effective use of catalysts due to the bad heat transfer characteristics and bad mass transfer properties. These barriers appeal for the development of a new catalyst and new catalytic process as well as the integration of both. Process design and process intensification are of significant importance in the catalytic conversion of biomass.

关键词： biomass liquefaction catalysis bio-oil process intensification

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Will biomass be used for bioenergy or transportation biofuels?What drivers will influence biomass allocation

Jinguang HU, William James CADHAM, Susan van DYK, Jack N. SADDLER

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 473-481 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017168

摘要： Potential competition for biomass for current and future bioenergy/biofuel uses in Brazil, Denmark, Sweden and the USA were compared. In each of these countries, bioenergy and biofuels are already important in their energy mix. However, there is limited competition for biomass between bioenergy (heat/power/residential/industrial) and transportation biofuel applications. This situation is likely to continue until advanced biofuel technology becomes much more commercially established. In each of these countries, biomass is predominantly used to produce bioenergy, even in those regions where biofuels are significant component of their transportation sector (Brazil, Sweden and USA). The vast majority of biofuel production continues to be based on sugar, starch and oil rich feedstocks, while bioenergyis produced almost exclusively from forest biomass with agricultural biomass having a small, but increasing, secondary role. Current and proposed commercial scale biomass-to-ethanol facilities almost exclusively use agriculture derived residues (corn stover/wheat straw/sugarcane bagasse). Competition for biomass feedstocks for bioenergy/biofuel applications, is most likely to occur for agricultural biomass with coproduct lignin and other residues used to concomitantly produce heat and electricity on site at biofuel production facilities.

关键词： bioenergy biofuel biomass renewable energy policy

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NUMERICAL MODELING OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION USING COW DUNG AS FEEDSTOCK

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第3期页码 458-467 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023500

摘要：

● Gasification of cow dung was evaluated using Aspen Plus software.

关键词： Aspen Plus biomass gasification manure of livestock and poultry simulation syngas

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Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived compounds to various amino acids: status and perspectives

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第7期页码 817-829 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2254-z

摘要： Amino acids are important nitrogen-containing chemicals that have a variety of applications. Currently, fermentation is the widely employed method to produce amino acids; however, the products are mostly limited to natural amino acids in the L-configuration. Catalytic synthesis is an alternative approach for the synthesis of amino acids with different types and configurations, where the use of renewable biomass-based feedstocks is highly attractive. To date, several lignocellulose and triacylglycerol-derived intermediates, typically α-keto acids and α-hydroxyl acids, have been transformed into amino acids via the amination reaction in the presence of additional nitrogen sources (i.e., NH₃·H₂O). Making full use of inherent nitrogen in biomass (i.e., chitin and protein) to produce amino acids avoids the use of extra nitrogen sources and meets the requirements of green chemistry, which is attracting increasing attention. In this review, we summarize different chemical-catalytic systems for the transformation of biomass to amino acids. An outlook on the challenges and opportunities for more effective production of amino acids from biomass by catalytic methods is provided.

关键词： biomass amino acids chitin nitrogen-containing compounds lignocellulose

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Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels

Jianchun JIANG,Junming XU,Zhanqian SONG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 13-27 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015050

摘要： Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleum-based fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass, including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.

关键词： lignocellulosic biomass thermochemical liquid fuels upgrading biofuels

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Latest advances in ionic liquids promoted synthesis and application of advanced biomass materials

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第7期页码 798-816 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2316-x

摘要： The utilization of sustainable resources provides a path to relieving the problem of dependence on fossil resources. In this context, biomass materials have become a feasible substitute for petroleum-based materials. The development of biomass materials is booming and advanced biomass materials with various functional properties are used in many fields including medicine, electrochemistry, and environmental science. In recent years, ionic liquids have been widely used in biomass pretreatments and processing owing to their “green” characteristics and adjustable physicochemical properties. Thus, the effects of ionic liquids in biomass materials generation require further study. This review summarizes the multiple roles of ionic liquids in promoting the synthesis and application of advanced biomass materials as solvents, structural components, and modifiers. Finally, a prospective approach is proposed for producing additional higher-quality possibilities between ionic liquids and advanced biomass materials.

关键词： biomass materials functional materials ionic liquids synthesis structure-property relationship

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Construction of sustainable, colored and multifunctional protein silk fabric using biomass riboflavin

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第8期页码 1131-1139 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2321-0

摘要： Riboflavin sodium phosphate has been confirmed as a promising biomass product derived from natural plants. In this paper, a novel method of dyeing and multifunctional modification of silk fabric by impregnation with riboflavin sodium phosphate was proposed, such that protein silk fabric can be endowed with bright yellow color and multi-functionality. The results of this paper confirmed that the pH and concentration of riboflavin sodium phosphate solution are critical factors for dyeing and multifunctional modification. Attractively, the photochromic performance was one of the most distinctive features of the modified silk fabric, and the dyed silk fabric turned into fluorescent green from original yellow under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp. Furthermore, the modified silk fabric exhibited good antibacterial properties with a high inhibition rate of 92% for Escherichia coli. Besides, the flame retardancy of silk fabric was significantly improved after modification. The damaged length of modified silk fabric with 40% owf riboflavin sodium phosphate was lower than 10.4 cm and passed the B₁ classification. As revealed by the result of this paper, riboflavin sodium phosphate is sufficiently effective in serving as an eco-friendly multifunctional agent for strengthening the add-value of silk textiles.

关键词： biomass riboflavin sodium phosphate silk protein multifunctional modification flame retardant

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Mass and heat balance calculations and economic evaluation of an innovative biomass pyrolysis project

Quanyuan WEI, Yongshui QU, Tianwei TAN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 355-361 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0567-9

摘要： Biomass can be converted into flammable gas, charcoal, wood vinegar, wood tar oil and noncombustible materials with thermo-chemical pyrolysis reactions. Many factors influence these processes, such as the properties of the raw materials, and temperature control and these will affect the products that are produced. Based on the data from a straw pyrolysis demonstration project, the mass and heat balance of the biomass pyrolysis process were analyzed. The statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) statistical method was used to analyze the data which were monitored on-site. A cost-benefit analysis was then used to study the viability of commercializing the project. The analysis included net present value, internal rate of return and investment payback period. These results showed that the straw pyrolysis project has little risk, and will produce remarkable economic benefits.

关键词： mass balance heat balance biomass pyrolysis economic benefit